Editing Santa Sabina

{{Infobox church|
name= Santa Sabina all'Aventino|
image=  RomaSSabinaEsterno.JPG|
caption= |
englishname= St Sabina at the Aventine|
dedication= St Sabina|
denomination= [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]|
type= [[Titular church]]|
clergy= Friars Preacher (Dominicans)|
titular= Jozef Tomko|
national= |
built= 5th century |
consecrated= |
architect= |
artists=|
address= 1 Piazza Pietro d'Illiria|
phone= |
fax = |
e-mail= |
url= |
}}'''Santa Sabina all'Aventino''' is a 5th cenury [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture palaeo-Christian] church on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Hill Aventine] hill. It is attached to the General Curia or headquarters of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order Dominican] order, and has the dignity of a [[minor basilica]]. The postal address is Piazza Pietro d'Illiria 1, and it is on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Hill Aventino] (part of the [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripa rione Ripa]). Pictures of the church at Wikimedia Commons are [http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=santa+sabina+all%27aventino&go=Go here]. There is an English Wikipedia article [[wikipedia:Santa_Sabina|here]].

The dedication is to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sabina St Sabina], a legendary 2nd century martyr.

==History==
===Foundation===

The church was built in the 5th century, possibly (although this cannot be proved) on the site of the original ''Titulus Sabinae. ''The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_church tituli] were the first parish churches in Rome, and most of them were originally private residences or commercial meeting-halls in which Christian congregations met (the so-called house-churches).

In the 1st century the Aventine hill was an affluent neighbourhood with several important temples and homes of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome) patricians] (rather like its status nowadays). It is thought that Sabina was a wealthy Christian with a house in the most exclusive part of the neigbourhood, on the crest of the hill overlooking the river. It is known that there was a temple of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_(mythology) Juno] very close by.

In the early Middle Ages a fictional legend was concocted which described St Sabina as having been martyred in the year 114 at a place in Umbria called ''Vindena, ''which is now [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocca_San_Zenone Rocca San Zenone]. She was allegedly denounced by one of her slaves called Serapia, and her relics brought to the new basilica in the 5th century which was on the site of her town house at Rome. This story must refer to a completely different person, so the revised [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Martyrology Roman martyrology] has rejected it and describes St Sabina merely as the original founder of the church. However, the first dedication of the basilica was to SS Sabina and Serapia, and the latter may have been associated with the early house church also.

The year of the erection of the basilica is believed to be 425, and it is known that it was founded by an Illyrian priest named Peter ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyria Illyria] corresponded roughly to the former Yugoslavia). We are fortunate in having the original foundation epigraph in mosaic on the counterfaçade above the entrance door, which reads:

CULMEN APOSTOLICUM CUM COELESTINUS HABERET

PRIMUS ET IN TOTO FULGERET EPISCOPUS ORBE,

HAEC QUAE MIRARIS FUNDAVIT PRESBYTER URBIS

ILLYRICA DE GENTE PETRUS, VIR NOMINE TANTO

DIGNUS AB EXORTU CRHISTI, NUTRITUS IN AULA,

PAUPERIBUS LOCUPLES, SIBI PAUPER, QUI BONA VITAE

PRAESENTIS FUGIENS MERUIT SPERARE FUTURAM.

("When Celestine had the apostolic summit, and shone out in the whole world as the first bishop, Peter a priest of the City, from the people of Illyria, founded this [church] which you admire, a man worthy of the name at the [second] coming of Christ, who nourished poor people at [his] house, a rich man towards the poor, a poor himself, who fleeing the good things of this present life deserved to hope for the future one.")

Unfortunately, there is no date. The reference to Illyria has led to rather unconvincing attempts to discern Illyrian influence in the basilica's architecture and decoration. The Celestine referred to is Pope [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I Celestine I]. The building took eight years to complete, and was consecrated under Pope [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III Sixtus III] about the year [[432]]. The ''Liber Pontificalis ''mentions that a baptistery was also constructed next to the basilica. This was in use until the 13th century, but has now completely disappeared.

===Middle Ages===
The first recorded restoration was under Pope [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_III Leo III] (795-816) at the end of the 8th century, and this was continued by Pope [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II Eugene II] (824-7) about a quarter of a century later. This work involved providing a ''schola cantorum, ''an iconostasis and a pair of ''ambones ''or pulpits. The latter pope also donated a tabernacle or ciborium of silver, which survived in the church until tragically looted in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527) Sack of Rome] in 1527.

About the time of this restoration the depopulation of the city had taken place, and the Aventine was abandoned as a residential area. The basilica was taken over by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberic_II_of_Spoleto Alberic II of Spoleto], one of the vicious group of nobles who controlled Rome and the papacy during the so-called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum Pornocracy], and who incorporated it into a castle or fort guarding the access by river to the city. This occurred during his tenure of power, 930-54. The work involved transferring the main entrance from the west end to the south aisle.

Later in the Middle Ages this stronghold fell into the possession of a noble family known as the Crescenzi, who were succeeded by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savelli_family Savelli]. The latter restored the basilica in [[1216]], when they built a more up-to-date ''palazzo ''for themselves. This was next to the church on the east side, where the park now is; remains of it can be seen from the Clivo di Rocca Savella.

However, in 1218 the church was given to the Dominican friars by Pope [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III Honorius III], who had approved the foundation of the order and who belonged to the Savelli family. They built a friary to the west, and also provided a Romanesque campanile for the church. The friars have served the church ever since; they now have their headquarters there, although since 1370 [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva]] has been their main church in Rome. 

St [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Dominic Dominic] himself lived in the adjacent friary for a period soon before his death in 1221. Among other famous residents of the monastery were St [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas Thomas Aquinas], Pope St [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_V Pius V] and St [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Hyacinth Hyacinth] who made his vows here.

By the end of the Middle Ages the Aventine was entirely rural, occupied by farms, vineyards and hay-fields for fodder for the horses of the nobility. The only substantial buildings were the six great fortress-monasteries which dominated any views of the hill; apart from Santa Sabina, these were [[Sant'Alessio all'Aventino]] just to the west, [[Santa Maria del Priorato]] further along, [[Santa Prisca]] down the slope and [[San Saba]] and [[Santa Balbina]] on the Little Aventine to the south-east. This state of affairs continued until the late 19th century.

===Mannerist and Baroque===

In [[1586]], Pope [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V Sixtus V] commissioned [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Fontana Domenico Fontana] to bring the interior of the church up to date. Guidebooks and art histories tend to be very hostile about the result ("it was disfigured"), and certainly Fontana was ruthless in destroying the basilica's mediaeval fittings. Bits of these he re-used as building materials in his Mannerist scheme, however. The ''schola cantorum, ''ambones and iconostasis were demolished, the mosaic in the apse was removed (apparently this was already falling off), the ceiling was ripped out and most of the nave windows blocked up. The last two alterations indicate that Fontana was either worried about the church's stability or planned to insert a vault. If the latter was the case, no work was ever done on it. He also removed 13th century [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmatesque Cosmatesque] decoration from the south entrance.

The main altar was reconstructed with a baldacchino, and several side chapels were added.

In the Baroque period [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Borromini Francesco Borromini] did work from [[1643]], and some additions were also made in the 18th century.
===Modern times===

After the conquest of Rome by the Kingdom of Italy in [[1870]], the Dominicans were expelled from their friary and the buildings turned into an isolation hospital for infectious diseases. This is an indication of how rural the location of the basilica still was at so late a date, but suburban development was swift and left the hospital badly situated. As a result, the Dominicans were able to recover possession of part of the friary in the early 20th century. They did this by exchanging their former headquarters at [[San Sebastianello]], which became a Fascist police headquarters.

In the 20th century, most of these post-mediaeval alterations and additions were removed to restore the church back to what was believed to be its original state. The radical restoration took place in two phases: 1914-1919, and [[1936]]-1938. The former phase was led by [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Mu%C3%B1oz Antonio Muñoz] and the latter by one P. Berthier; the work was not altogether without controversy. Apart from the Elci Chapel, high-quality Baroque fittings and artworks were treated with contempt. Excavations and archeological investigations produced fragments of mediaeval fittings which were skilfully used by Muñoz to replace the nave windows and build the present sanctuary. The overall result looks convincing, but it should be remembered that the present interior aspect is a modern work.

The current titular of the church is H.E. Cardinal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_Tomko Jozef Tomko].

At present, the church is a popular part of the ''Centro Storico ''marriage circuit. As a result, there may be problems with visiting on weekends.

The church has never been parochial, and now belongs in the parish of [[Santa Prisca]].

==Exterior==
===Historic approach===
The original route to the church from the city is a historical monument in itself, and makes a beautiful romantic walk away from the crowds. From the Bocca della Verità, go south past the church of [[San Vincenzo de’Paoli all'Aventino]] on the other side of Via del Circo Massimo and take the first left into Clivo di Rocca Savella. This was the mediaeval driveway for the monastery and Savelli palace, and guarding the entrance used to be the chapel and hermitage of [[Sant’Anna a Ripa]]. The lane is very steep and cobbled, and has not changed in centuries. A spectacular view in the direction of the Ghetto opens up, and remains of the palace can be seen at the bend to the left. Unfortunately, it is entirely unsuitable for the infirm and disabled and can be risky in bad weather. Wheeled vehicles are not permitted.
===Layout and fabric===
====General====

The church looks much from the outside as it did when it was built in the 5th century and is a classic aisled basilica without a separate sanctuary bay or transept. The alignment is south-west to north-east, and there is a piazza between it and the street running parallel to the south. This piazza is named Piazza Pietro d'Illiria after the original founder. The street (Via di Santa Sabina) runs parallel to the church's major axis, which hints that the church respected the original ancient street plan when it was first built. The large external apse is prominent; it is only slightly lower and narrower than the main nave.

====External chapels====

At present, there are only two working external side chapels. The one on the right hand or south side, on the piazza, is on a square plan.

However, on this side you can see two other chapels which are now disused. Firstly, there is a little semi-circular chapel which occupies the end of the right hand aisle. This now has no access from the interior, as it was walled off in the 20th century restoration but not demolished.

In between the surviving chapel and the entrance loggia is a small square edifice with a vertical elliptical window and a lantern having a tiny conical tiled cupola. This building looks as if it is standing in the footprint of a lost larger edifice; there used to be an entrance range of half the height and with a single pitched roof standing in front of it, but this is now demolished. This addition post-dated the Nolli map of 1748.

To the right of the working chapel used to be another little external chapel with a similar entrance range, now demolished. However, if you look under the roofline here you can see a linear fragment of carved stonework marking its attachment.  Next to the aisle to the east of this used to be a rectangular edifice with an entrance from the orange grove to the east (now a public park). These architectural details are on the Nolli map.

The left hand, north side has always had just the one external chapel, an architecturally separate octagonal structure.
====Loggia====

The right hand aisle has a side entrance from the piazza, and this is protected by an external loggia or porch occupying the space between the side chapel and the monastery. This side loggia has two tall Corinthian granite columns supporting an arcade of three arches; the outer pilasters in brick also have Corinthian capitals. This structure was built in the 15th century.

====Narthex====

[[File:Sabina.jpg|thumb|250px|Side entrance]]

Unusually for Roman churches, the basilica has no monumental façade or triumphal entrance. This is because the friary, which now has two cloisters north to south, is built right up against what would be the façade and continues down the side of the piazza to the street. The frontage of the friary facing the piazza has an open loggia, and this continues as a large vaulted passage or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narthex narthex] along the front of the basilica. It is the main entrance to the monastery, and the original front door of the church can be found by walking along it. It is possible to enter from the side porch, but I recommend going through the front door. The right hand aisle has its own door as well, but the left hand one has not because the passage ends in stairs there.

In a corner of the narthex is a short spirally ribbed stone column with a strange polished black stone on top shaped like a round loaf of bread. This is the ''lapis diaboli,'' and by tradition the Devil threw it at St Dominic while he was at prayer in the church and smashed the paving slab on which he was kneeling. Was it a meteorite originally? The present stone is not, but looks like an ancient Roman scale-weight examples of which have survived in other Roman churches.

This narthex is the surviving range of the quadriporticus (a square courtyard surrounded by colonnaded porticoes) which the original mediaeval fortress supplanted. There are eight surviving ancient columns of this in the narthex, four of them plain and four spirally fluted.
====Campanile====

The Baroque campanile is attached to the near left hand corner of the nave, and is not easy to see. It replaced the Romanesque campanile provided in the 13th century, which either fell down or was demolished in the 17th.

The replacement is a narrow rectangular slab of four storeys with two open arches in each storey (those in the second are blocked). The structure is topped by a little triumphal arch flanked by a pair of Doric pilasters on each face supporting a low pyramidal tiled cap with a damaged finial. The sides of this triumphal arch have sweeping curves leading to a pair of baluster finials.

====Fabric of the church====
The exterior walls are brick throughout, and there is a pitched and tiled roof covering the entire nave.

The external apse reaches almost as high as the nave roofline, and has its own pitched roof as does the little right hand aisle chapel. The aisle windows that survive are narrow arched slits, but the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerestory clerestory] and apse windows are unusually large. It has been claimed that this demonstrates an Illyrian style of architecture rather than a Roman one, but the real reason is that the builders of the period were still skilled enough to provide such windows, and also walls without [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttress buttresses], without endangering the structure's stability. Compare the basilicas at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna Ravenna], which resemble this one.

The window fenestrations are modern, courtesy of Muñoz, and the geometrically patterned ''transennae'' or glazing bars are based on fragments that he found. The panes of the are of [[wikipedia:Selenite_(mineral)|selenite]], not glass. There are thirteen of these windows on each side of the nave, three in the apse and five in a row above the entrance. These last five are only visible from the outside by looking from the rooms on the other side of the monastery's south cloister.

===Entrance door===

This dates from between 420 and 450, and is made of cypress wood. About 10 of the original 28 panels are missing, but any wooden object from this period is a rare sight. In one of the panels with scenes from the life of Moses, God the Father is depicted as a hand extended from a cloud, the earliest way of representing Him in Christian art. The crucifixion scene in the top left-hand panel may be the earliest preserved representation of the Christ crucified between two thieves in Western art.

The panels are recognisably the work of two collaborating artists, but the decorative surrounding of vines and bunches of grapes is later. The present arrangement of the panels is confused, and may be the result of a known restoration that took place in 1836. The restorer then allegedly re-carved the face of the drowning Pharaoh to represent Napoleon.

The eighteen surviving panels have the following representations, left to right and top to bottom:

# Crucifixion.

2. The Women at the Empty Tomb after the Resurrection.

3. Adoration of the Magi.

4. Christ with Peter and Paul, holding the Pearl of Great Price.

5. Christ raising Lazarus, multiplying loaves and turning water into wine.

6. Moses in the Desert, the Quails, the Manna and Moses striking the rock to produce water.

7. Ascension of Christ.

8. Second Coming or Triumph of Christ (meaning uncertain).

9. Christ appears to his disciples after the Resurrection.

10. Christ appears to the women after the Resurrection.

11. Christ predicting Peter's denial.

12. Prophet Habakkuk and the angel taking him to feed those in the lion's den.

13. Moses receiving the Law, removing his sandals, at the Burning Bush and with the sheep.

14. Acclamation of an important person (uncertain meaning).

15. Exodus of Israelites with pillar of fire, Pharaoh drowning in the Red Sea and Aaron's rod turning into a snake.

16. Elijah ascending into heaven and Elisha catching his cloak.

17. Pilate washing his hands.

18. Christ before Caiaphas.

===Friary===
The original friary was attached to the bottom left hand corner of the church, and comprised three blocks arranged around an arcaded cloister. The north side of the cloister had an arcaded walkway but no building, so the rooms in the upper storeys of the south range had a spectacular view across the river. There was a completely separate block attached to the top left hand corner of the church, running north-westwards with an annexe running north-east into the orange grove. The latter is now gone.

Originally, south of the monastery there was a large garden which occupied the space between it and the street. When the isolation hospital was opened here after 1870, this was converted into a second cloister by building an L-shaped block to the south and west. The friars do not have possession of this part of the complex, which is now an art school. Also, another block was built on the north side of the old cloister.

Opposite the ancient door in the narthex, there is a hole in the wall. If you look through it, you can see an orange tree which is descended from one planted by St Dominic and which is growing in the newer cloister.

The friary also contains his room, which has been converted into a chapel. It is possible to see this, and the room of Pope St Pius V, on application at the friary.

Men can also apply to visit the early 13th century Romanesque main cloister, and the chapter house where St Celsus and St Hyacinth, apostles of Hungary and Bohemia, made their vows as Dominicans. The cloister has 103 columns, and has recently been restored.

==Interior now==
===Fabric===

The first impression that you get when you enter the basilica is one of a huge empty space, dominated by the superb colonnaded arcades and the light flooding through the windows.

The church's interior is different from most other early churches as we see them today, because of way the large windows let so much light through. This was common in ancient and early medieval churches, but we more seldom experience it today because the openings have often been walled up or the windows reduced in size. The traditional reason for this was that mediaeval people believed that less light would give better conditions for prayer and meditation. However, the real motivation was usually worries about the stability of ancient buildings. Smaller windows meant stronger walls, especially needed if an old church had its wooden ceiling or open [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss truss roof] replaced by a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault_(architecture) vault].

As mentioned, the geometric glazing bars in the windows are modern but the idea for them came from original fragments found in excavation. These are now kept in the narthex, so you can compare them with what Muñoz provided in the 1930's.

The twenty-four ribbed [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmara_Island Proconnesian] marble [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order Corinthian] columns are ancient, of the 2nd century, and are a single set. The carved capitals are of exceptional quality. A good guess is that they were taken from one of the buildings on the Aventine that had fallen into disuse by the mid 5th century. The neighbourhood was probably already depopulating by the time of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410) Sack of Rome] by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths Visigoths] in [http://romanchurches.wikia.com/index.php?title=410&action=edit&redlink=1 410]. Specifically, Emperor [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I Theodosius the Great] had closed all the pagan temples in [http://romanchurches.wikia.com/wiki/395 395] and these columns may have come from such a redundant temple as that of Juno very near by. However the columns show little signs of re-use, and a theory has been suggested that they came unused from an imperial builders' store.

The colonnades support arcades rather than [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_and_lintel trabeations] or straight architraves, and this is one of the earliest example of such a construction in Rome. The proportions of the church are based on Hellenistic principles, as described by [http://romanchurches.wikia.com/index.php?title=Vitruvius&action=edit&redlink=1 Vitruvius]. For instance, the height of the columns equal 9 1/2 times their diameter, and the space between columns equal 5 times their diameter; this is just as Vitruvius describes it.

The flat coffered wooden ceiling is a simple one, decorated with stars in gilt, and it was provided in 1938. The original basilica may not have had a ceiling at all, as was the case at [http://romanchurches.wikia.com/wiki/San_Paolo_fuori_le_Mura San Paolo fuori le Mura] before the 19th century fire there. There was a ceiling here in the Middle Ages, however.

===Wall decorations===

There is no apse mosaic, which is unusual in Rome for a church of this date. The apse was originally so decorated, as was its triumphal arch, but the mosaics have been lost. Seventeenth century descriptions indicate that much more mosaic survived then, and when the basilica was new the nave walls may have had mosaic decoration too. It is certain that Old and New Testament scenes used to be depicted above the arcades.

The surviving panel of mosaic is on the counterfaçade over the main entrance doors, which shows two female figures with the dedicatory inscription mentioned above between them. They are allegories of ''ecclesia ex circumcisione'' (The Church from the Circumcision) and ''ecclesia ex gentibus'' (The Church from the Nations). Some believe that these represent the Old and New Testaments, but it seems more likely that they are intended to represent the Christians of Jewish origins and the Christians who were converts from pagan religions. Between the two figures is the text recording the building of the church by Peter the Illyrian, who is described as a Roman priest leading an ascetic life. The first line contains an assertion of the Pope's supreme and universal authority, and is an early example of such a text.

Documentary evidence of lost mosaics indicates that above the windows there used to be the symbols of the four Evangelists, and either side of the windows were representations of SS Peter and Paul.

The arcades are decorated with decorative polychrome stonework in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_sectile opus sectile]. The background and the intradoses of the arches have stone tiles arranged to look like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlar ashlar] stonework. Above each column is a large motif in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyry_(geology) porphyry] and green [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentine_group serpentine], looking just like a large face-mirror on a stand. Some of these are elliptical, and some round. Centuries of scholarship have failed to provide a satisfactory theory as to just what this decorative scheme means. One theory is that they represent Illyrian battle standards, but the problem with this is that there is no historical evidence for such objects. Alternatively, they might be stylized representations of the Host and Chalice at the Mass. Or they might actually have been intended as mirrors, leaving the problem as to what iconographic significance a mirror might have had in the early church. The mystery remains. Above these representations is a polychrome frieze of alternate squares, roundels and lozenges.

The lost apse mosaic was replaced by a fresco by [http://romanchurches.wikia.com/index.php?title=Taddeo_Zuccari&action=edit&redlink=1 Taddeo Zuccari], painted in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannerism Mannerist] style in [http://romanchurches.wikia.com/index.php?title=1560&action=edit&redlink=1 1560], and was allegedly executed from (now lost) contemporary drawings of the original mosaic. This was repainted by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Camuccini Vincenzo Camuccini] in [http://romanchurches.wikia.com/wiki/1836 1836], and was left alone by the 20th century restorers because of its alleged provenance. It shows Christ enthroned in glory, above the River of Life from which sheep are drinking, and surrounded by apostles and saints. SS Peter and Paul are in front (note the papal tiara on the former), and SS Sabina and Serapia are on the left. The head of Christ is surrounded by winged putto's heads, definitely not a palaeo-Christian motif and indicating that Zuccari's interpretation of the original mosaic design was very free.

The triumphal arch is decorated with seventeen tondi, fifteen of them with saints' busts executed in sepia fresco and two left blank. These were executed by Eugenio Cisterna in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Camuccini 1920], and are based on a 17th century description of original mosaics. To left and right are stylized buildings representing Jerusalem and Bethlehem, and along the roofline are flying doves.

Scanty traces of 5th century frescoes can be found at the far end of the left aisle. These were only discovered in 1961, and are not very clear. You can make out depictions of brocaded hangings, and also of vine scrolls.

===Furnishings===

The stone choir furniture, comprising high altar, bishop's throne, two ambones or pulpits and a ''schola cantorum'' or choir enclosure, is modern and dates to the 20th century restoration. However, ninth century fragments recovered in the restoration (mostly from the flooring) are incorporated. These came from the presbyteral furnishings supplied by Pope [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II Eugene II] in [http://romanchurches.wikia.com/wiki/824 824], and notable are the flat marble slabs or ''transennae'' in the screen. The reliefs on these are carved with crosses decorated with curlicues and intertwined knots, and are allegedly inspired by a Persian style. They also look somewhat Celtic.

Beneath the high altar, which has a porphyry frontal, are enshrined the relics of St Sabina and and three obscure martyrs called Eventius, Alexander and Theodolus. These were brought in by Pope Eugene in his re-ordering of the sanctuary, having been originally venerated at a suburban shrine at [[Sant'Alessandro]].

In the right aisle is a niche containing an ancient column, which traditionally came from the original house owned by St Sabina. Also in the right aisle is the late 15th century tomb of the Spanish Cardinal [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausi%C3%A0s_Despuig Ausiàs Despuig], who died in [http://romanchurches.wikia.com/index.php?title=1484&action=edit&redlink=1 1484] (note that the Italians render his name as ''Auxias di Poggio''). The artist is unknown, but it is likely that he belonged to the school of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Bregno Andrea Bregno] . The inscription says: ''Ut moriens viveret, vixit ut moriturus'' ("To live after death, he lived as one who was going to die").

[[File:Interior,_Santa_Sabina|thumb]]

The floor, relaid in the 20th century restoration, has several mediaeval tomb-slabs. The most important is that in the middle of the nave floor, which depicts a Master General of the Dominicans, probably Muñoz de Zamora, who died in [http://romanchurches.wikia.com/index.php?title=1300&action=edit&redlink=1 1300]. Very unusually the effigy is in mosaic (the only one left in Rome) which has been dated to c. 1300 on stylistic grounds, so it seems likely that the identification is correct. The artist is thought to have been [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Torriti?oldid=cur Iacopo Torriti]. Another interesting floor-slab shows the effigy of Perna Savelli who died in [http://romanchurches.wikia.com/wiki/1215 1215], showing the family crest in mosaic.

===Side chapels===
There are now two external side-chapels, amounting to separate buildings.

Off the right-hand aisle is the Chapel of St [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Hyacinth Hyacinth] (''Giacinto'' in Italian). It is on a square plan, and was added in 1600 after the saint had been canonized. The wall frescoes by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Zuccari Federico Zuccari] are charmingly realistic, depicting people dressed in fashions of the time and allegedly based on real persons. The altar has four alabaster columns, and an altarpiece by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavinia_Fontana Lavinia Fontana] depicting ''Our Lady with  St Hyacinth''.

The ''Cappella d'Elci'' is off the left aisle at the middle of the length of the nave. It is a lavish, sumptuous and ornate Baroque work dedicated to the famous Dominican mystic St [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena Catherine of Siena]. The architect was [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovan_Battista_Contini Giovanni Battista Contini], and the patrons were a family of Tuscan nobles called the Elci (count of Elci). Three cardinals from this family have their funeral monuments placed here, chronically Scipione (1670, on the left wall), his grandnephew Raniero (1761, on the right wall), and Francesco (1787, on the floor), who in turn was Raniero's nephew. Several master generals of the Dominic Order also have their tomb slabs placed on the floor.

The dome here is lit by eight oeil-de-boeuf windows in gilt framing, and features a fresco by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Odazzi Giovanni Odazzi] of the patron saint being presented to Christ by Our Lady with the heavenly host looking on. The altarpiece is a painting of ''Our Lady of the Rosary'' by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Salvi_da_Sassoferrato Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato] in which she is shown flanked by St Dominic and St Catherine. This was not the original altarpiece, which featured the latter saint and which was by an artist called Morandi. The altar has four Corinthian columns in a red, yellow and white [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breccia breccia].

The Elci coat-of-arms is spectacularly rendered on the floor in ''opus sectile, ''featuring the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-headed_eagle double-headed eagle].

===Underground===

Below a grating in the floor is visible an excavated room of an ancient Roman house. This might have been the original Christian "house-church" at the site, the ''Titulus Sabinae''. On the other hand, the orginal ''titulus ''may have been elsewhere nearby, as such a move certainly happened at [[Santa Prassede]] and possibly at other ancient churches.

The archaeological remains under the basilica and round about are complex. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servian_Wall Servian Wall] was just north of the church, and among other assorted buildings under the basilica was a small temple dating back to the 3rd century BC and possibly to be identified with one recorded in the neighbourhood dedicated to Jupiter Liber. It was too small to have been that dedicated to Juno. Also, evidence of the use of part of the site by devotees of the cult of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis Isis] has turned up.
==Interior before Muñoz==
If you had visited the church before 1914, the first thing that would have struck you would have been the lack of light as compared to nowadays. There were only three windows in each nave wall above the colonnades, and none in the apse. In the latter, the area now occupied by windows formerly displayed a large altarpiece depicting ''The Martyrdom of St Sabina ''by Giovanni Silvgani (1790-1853) flanked by frescoes of saints, two on each side.

The ''schola cantorum ''did not exist, but instead the floor ran to a flight of three steps just beyond the third pair of columns from the end. This ran across the width of the nave, but was interrupted by a small ''confessio ''in front of the high altar. Here, a gate in a balustrade led down into a little crypt containing the shrine of the relics of the martyrs. The main altar itself had lost its 16th century baldacchino at some stage before the late 19th century.

There was no ceiling, but instead the roof was open except for horizontal truss beams. The spandrels of the triumphal arch were decorated with Baroque rosettes and curlicues in stucco.

The ''lapis diaboli ''on its little column, now in the narthex, was in the middle of the nave floor.

There were several side chapels. The near end of the right hand aisle had an internal chapel formed by inserting blocking walls into the first bay of the aisle. Off the same aisle were entrances to three external chapels; the middle one survives. At the end of the right hand aisle was the apsidal chapel of St Dominic, now walled off, which used to contain the Sassoferrato altarpiece now in the ''Cappella d'Elci. ''This was stolen in 1901, and when it was eventually recovered it was installed in the new location.

At the end of the left hand aisle, the last four bays of the aisle had been converted into the chapel of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary Our Lady of the Rosary] in the 16th century restoration. This had its own little antechamber, which led through a doorway into the chapel proper which had a small apse matching that of the chapel of St Dominic on the other side of the church.

==Access==

=== Hours of opening ===
The advertised opening hours are (tourist website 060608, November 2016):

8:15 to 12:30, 15:30 to 18:00 (as always with Roman churches, these are liable to change).

When Mass is being celebrated here, you are only allowed in the church if you are attending (see Mass times below.)

Unfortunately, the opening hours seem recently to have been reduced. Especially sad is the loss of the 6:30 morning opening. Even so, if you turn up in time for the morning opening you might have the basilica entirely to yourself at first.

On the other hand, if you go on a Saturday you will most likely find a wedding going on. Guided tours for tourists as well as for pilgrims regularly visit during the season -if you are arranging one of these do check beforehand with the friars, to ensure that there is no clash with a wedding.

=== How to get here ===
This is not an easy place to get to for those in a hurry. Buses do not run anywhere very near, and the quickest way to get here (apart from a taxi) is to catch one of the many buses that go along the Via del Circo Massimo, get off at the Piazzale Ugo le Malfa and walk up the Via di Valle Murcia. Alternatively, from the Via Marmorata take the Via Asino Pollione from the Largo Manlio Gelsomini, keep left and bear right at the top of the hill.

There used to be no access of any kind to the church from the Lungotevere Aventino and Via Marmorata between this route and the Clivo di Rocca Savella ,near the Bocca della Verità. However, at the end of 2017 a new pedestrian stairway was opened which leads from the Lungotevere to the public park next to the church. This is not suitable for the disabled or infirm.

The lack of a bus route is the result of a bus falling into a previously unknown void beneath the road when the ground collapsed towards the end of the 20th century.

=== Shop ===
There is a shop in the friary that sells postcards, including cards showing the panels in the front door, and religious objects and literature. It is of special interest to those interested in Dominican spirituality.
==Liturgy==
According to 060608 (November 2016), Mass is celebrated:

Weekdays 7:15;

Sundays and Solemnities 8:00, 10:30, 11:30.

''Santa Sabina'' is the Lenten station church on Ash Wednesday. Since the time of Pope St [[John XXIII]], it has been the custom for the Holy Father to assist in person at an afternoon Mass on that day, when ashes are distributed to little childrens' homes.

The feast-day of St Sabina is 29 August, which is celebrated here with liturgical solemnity. Her cult elsewhere has been suppressed in the Ordinary Rite, owing to her historical obscurity.

==External links==
(The basilica has no website, which is starting to look very odd.)

[http://www.diocesidiroma.it/phpenti/ente/?ID=903 Official diocesan web-page]

[http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Sabina Italian Wikipedia page]

[http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94 Hebrew Wikipedia page]

[https://nolli.stanford.edu/#%5B12.4797%2C41.8845%5D Interactive Nolli Map Website] 

[http://www.flickr.com/photos/dealvariis/sets/72157620852715887/ "De Alvariis" gallery on Flickr]

[http://www.romaspqr.it/ROMA/CHIESE/Chiese_Medievali/S_Sabina.htm Roma SPQR web-page with gallery]

[http://www.info.roma.it/monumenti_dettaglio.asp?ID_schede=477 Info.roma web-page with photo gallery and plan]

[http://www.romeartlover.it/Vasi129.htm "Romeartlover" web-page with 18th century engraving]

[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/I/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/churches/_Texts/Armellini/ARMCHI*/2/Ripa.html Armellini's History (scroll down beyond S. Prisca)]

[http://www.patheos.com/blogs/theanchoress/2010/09/14/basilica-santa-sabina/ "The Anchoress" blog with photo gallery]

[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~classics/rome2005/updates/week9_10/nov16.html Dartmouth College web-page with plan and photo gallery]

[http://www.rome101.com/Topics/Christian/Sabina/ Detailed article in English on door panels by Bill Storage]

[http://www.traveladventures.org/continents/europe/santasabina.shtml "Traveladvantures" web-page]

[http://sightsofrome.blogspot.com/2011/02/3-basilica-of-santa-sabina_04.html "Sightsofrome" web-page]

[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGrLSXCnZFY&noredirect=1 Youtube video from "Smarthistory" with English commentary]

[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrBEPZNLKW0&feature=related Youtube video from "tvcnroma" with Italian commentary]

[http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2009/02/ash-wednesday-from-santa-sabina-rome.html Ash Wednesday at Santa Sabina, celebrated by Pope Benedict XVI]

[https://romandespatches.blogspot.com/2020/08/when-in-romevisit-santa-sabina-in-time.html Roman Despatches - blog with gallery]
[[Category:Catholic churches|Sabina all'Aventino]]
[[Category:Dedications to St Sabina|Sabina all'Aventino]]
[[Category:5th century|Sabina all'Aventino]]
[[Category:Titular churches|Sabina all'Aventino]]
[[Category:Aventine|Sabina all'Aventino]]
[[Category:Ripa]]
[[Category:Convent churches and chapels]]
[[Category:Minor basilicas]]